As the radioisotope travels inside the body, special cameras outside the body can detect the radiation. Radioisotopes are given to a patient either by injection or through food or drink provided at the hospital. Radioisotopes enable doctors to perform medical imaging of the body, which helps them to diagnose and treat diseases.
The discovery of nuclear fission led to many medical advances ( Figure 3). Sadly, as Hahn was first to publish these ideas, Dr Meitner and her nephew received little credit for the discovery. He relied on Dr Meitner’s knowledge of nuclear physics to make sense of his own chemistry findings. Despite all this work, the Nobel Prize for nuclear fission was awarded to Dr Meitner’s old colleague, Hahn. They calculated the energy released and named this reaction nuclear fission. They called the smaller parts fission fragments. While living in Sweden, Dr Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch worked together to create a theory explaining the splitting of an atom’s nucleus into smaller parts. In 1918, they identified Protactinium-231 which is a radioactive atom called a radioisotope. Dr Meitner and her colleague, German chemist Otto Hahn, were involved in the search for new radioactive elements. In 1913, scientists already knew that the balance of numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons within an atom affected its stability, and that radioactivity came from the nucleus. The fission products are atoms that can also become unstable and thus continue releasing radiation, in a chain reaction (Figure created with ).
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However, we now know how to make radioactivity using machines that fire neutrons into another atom. More than 100 years ago, Marie Curie famously discovered naturally occurring radioactivity. So, radiation is energy released from unstable atoms in the form of high-energy particles or energy waves. Releasing energy makes the atom more stable. This energy is released because of an imbalance in the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, which makes the atom unstable. Radioactive atoms emit energy in the form of radiation. Protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge) are found within the nucleus (Figure created with ). Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.These energies are known as radiation, because the energy “radiates” from the atom, just like heat radiates from the sun or a radiator to you. Nuclear reactions can produce certain kinds of energy or new radioactive atoms, which have many uses in medicine. Nuclear reactions refer to reactions that happen in an atom’s nucleus. Electrons also allow bonds to form between individual atoms, creating molecules 1. Electrons are attracted to protons in the nucleus, which are positively charged, similar to the way magnets are attracted to each other. Negatively charged electrons constantly move around the nucleus. Within the center of every atom is the nucleus, containing even smaller particles called neutrons and protons ( Figure 1). Atoms and Nuclear ReactionsĮverything and everyone we see in the world around us is made of tiny atoms. Unfortunately, Dr Meitner faced many obstacles and was never credited officially for her key discovery of nuclear fission. In this way, radiation helps doctors to better diagnose and treat patients. When radioactive atoms are injected into the blood of a patient, they travel through the body and release radiation that can be detected using special cameras, creating images or videos of the body’s tissues.
Radioactive atoms created in this way can be useful for detecting cancer or checking whether the body’s organs are working properly.
She found that firing a small particle called a neutron into another atom could cause radiation to be released. Dr Lise Meitner discovered how radioactivity could be produced in 1939. The splitting of atoms, also known as nuclear fission, produces radiation and radioactivity.
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